Polymer lithium battery

Polymer lithium battery

August 9, Chinese Academy of Sciences evo n400c battery , evo n410c battery, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry – Electronics Group, Jiangsu Yuanyu polymer lithium battery project Traders Fudu signing ceremony held at the Hotel. National People’s Congress Standing Committee, Chinese Academy of Sciences, chairman of state-owned asset management companies Yang Boling, Changzhou City Party Committee Fan Yanqing together for the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Changzhou center inauguration of organic sub-centers; Nanjing Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences Yan Shouning president, Municipal Committee, Chen Ruiqing Wujin District secretary of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Organic Chemical Co., Ltd. Changzhou Chemical Research Institute inaugurated. Dai Yuan, Zhou Ya-yu, ranking Liqin, Fan Shou-bai, ZHANG Jian-xin, Wang Yu-cheng and other municipal and district leaders attended the signing ceremony.

Divide as the key to the core material is a polymer lithium battery manufacturing technology, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences after many years of accumulated results of innovation, its unique new type of microporous polymer membrane technology, lithium-ion batteries to reach the international advanced level. At present, the technology has been in Chengdu Institute of Organic production and application evo n400 battery , evo n410 battery of experimental production base, combined with lithium manganese oxide cathode materials such as battery manufacturing process has been basically mature. This year in June, in the city district government guidance recommendation, Chengdu Institute of Organic Electronics Group and Jiangsu Yuanyu carried out the project to discuss, after the two sides have exchanged frequent visits, visits, negotiations, formally established a strategic cooperative relations.

Party secretary Fan Yanqing pointed out in his speech, Jiangsu Changzhou Yuan Yu Electronics Group is the leader in high-tech enterprises in the overall strength of the field of mobile communications components into the global trade before the three-keung. This time, executives with a keen vision and outstanding courage, after thorough research and scientific argumentation, and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of evo n600 battery , evo n600c battery Organic polymer lithium battery project contract is undoubtedly the Electronics Group in Jiangsu Yuanyu history of the development of a new milestone in the . Implementation of the project group for the far-yu adjust product mix, enhancing innovation ability, upgrading of information technology for the lead, Changzhou has important significance of demonstration. He said that today’s inauguration of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Changzhou Organic Center is a central sub-section 10 sub-centers at all levels through the section in linkage, combining production and research, school-enterprise aspects of the win-win greater efforts to further support the construction of Changzhou Center to drive the city’s business innovation capacity, accelerating the pace of urban construction, Changzhou innovative.

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Organic – Electronics Group, Jiangsu Yuanyu polymer lithium battery project contract

August 9, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Organic – Electronics Group, Jiangsu Yuanyu polymer lithium battery project signed center-cum-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Changzhou Organic Branch opening ceremony was held in Changzhou.

NPC Standing Committee, Chinese Academy of Sciences enterprise party evo n610c battery , evo n620c battery , evo n800c battery secretary, the National Science Holdings Chairman and Party Secretary Fan Yanqing Yang Boling together for “Chinese Academy of Sciences Center, Changzhou, Chengdu Organic sub-centers,” Unveiling; Nanjing Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences President Yan Shouning and Municipal Standing Committee, Wujin District secretary Chen Ruiqing together for “Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Organic Chemistry Co., Ltd. Changzhou Institute of Chemistry,” unveiled. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Organic Chemistry Co., Ltd., Chairman Suo Ji-Shuan, city leaders Dai Yuan, Zhou Ya-yu, ranking Liqin and Wang Chengbin assistant to the mayor attended the opening ceremony.

“Eleventh Five-Year” period, the city vigorously promote information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology and other fields in the application of new materials, research and development group of excellent performance and high added value new products and achieve industrialization, the formation of new materials, the field of high-tech product groups. In order to divide the core material for key polymer lithium pavilion dv1000 battery , pavilion dv2000 battery manufacturing technology, is a Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry accumulated after many years of innovation and the results of its unique new microporous polymer membrane technology lithium-ion batteries to reach the international advanced level.

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Organic Chemistry Co., Ltd. formerly known as Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, in organic synthesis, polymer synthesis of new materials research reputation, after decades of technological accumulation, has a number of innovations, polymer lithium battery and key features new material project is one of the original significant results. Currently the technology is already in the “Chengdu organic” production base to produce experimental applications, and has used his research and development of polymer membrane and anode and cathode materials, lithium batteries to produce a variety of polymer samples in urgent need of investment scale of the technological transformation of batch production validation .

Private Wujin high-tech enterprises – Jiangsu Yuanyu Group pavilion dv4000 battery , pavilion dv4 battery is well-known in Hong Kong main board listed company with strong independent innovation of new products electronic components design capability, there is an international first-class advanced production and testing equipment, a sound-rich electronic components industry experience in large-scale production process and quality control methods are Nokia, Motorola, Sony Ericsson and other brands of the major suppliers. Into the 21st century, global energy shortage and environmental pollution has become a global constraint to sustainable economic development bottleneck, in order to get rid of this bottleneck, all kinds of green energy-saving and new energy technology products have emerged, well-yu Group is considering how to cater to the international energy-saving environmental protection New Energy and Industrial development of a new hot trend, the situation and seize the opportunity to put the conditions of a relatively mature industry, clean energy and energy-saving environmental innovation projects.

Polymer lithium batteries are high-tech, energy saving and environment-friendly green clean new energy sources, not only a good safety performance and long service life. Party to seek financial strength, operational capabilities of the market good corporate pavilion dv5 battery , pavilion dv7 battery involvement, one for green energy-saving environmental protection, clean new energy sources, the two sides coincide, in June this year, with independent intellectual property polymer lithium battery, Chengdu Institute of Organic and Jiangsu Yuan-yu e-groups to discuss the project, through various bilateral visits, visits, negotiations, formally established a strategic cooperative relations. The two sides decided to jointly set up R & D and production of integrated enterprises. Yuan-Yu Group, give full play to the industrialization of large-scale production and expand the market and the capital and other advantages, Chengdu Organic is available in full cooperation projects, technology and R & D team to play the advantages of strength, the establishment of complementary advantages, win-win cooperation and contribute to an effective incentive mechanism.

Fan Yanqing, said party secretary of Jiangsu Changzhou Yuan Yu Electronics Group is the leader in high-tech enterprises in the overall strength of the field of mobile communications components into the top three global industry. This time, executives with a keen vision and outstanding courage, decision and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Organic polymer lithium battery project contract, which is technology and capital in a good cooperation, but also far-Yu Electronics Group, Jiangsu history of the development of a new milestones. Implementation of the project group for the far-yu adjust product mix, enhancing innovation ability, for the information industry leading technology upgrading, Changzhou has important significance of demonstration. Today’s inauguration of the Chinese pavilion dv6000 battery , pavilion dv8000 battery Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Changzhou Organic Center is a central sub-section 10 sub-centers, according to the “choose the right project, and set up mechanisms, improtance platform” of the request, through the science linkage, combining production and research, the school has aspired to win-win and so on greater efforts to further support the construction of Changzhou, center, led the city’s business innovation capability, accelerate the construction of Changzhou, the pace of innovation-oriented city.

The first one legitimate Honda FCX hydrogen fuel cell vehicles ready to go

The U.S. Mainland, Inland Revenue Department announced in July of this year, Honda FCX hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, becoming the first U.S. hydrogen fuel-legal environmental vehicles, and can be subject to preferential treatment of tax pavilion dv9000 battery , pavilion zd7000 battery reduction, the tax concession, citing the U.S. federal government in 2005 energy policies and regulations, the intention is to promote environmental protection concepts, so that consumers can afford to buy more environmentally friendly cars, but also for the sake of America’s future energy use.

Honda’s hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology, to further demonstrate its excellent capacitor technology, the integration of hydrogen fuel and electricity use of more mature, and the emissions of water vapor, more in line with environmental benefits. American Honda fuel cell vehicle marketing manager, Stephen Ellis pointed out that the U.S. government’s tax cuts FCX happened to be offset by Honda in reducing fuel consumption and pavilion zd8000 battery , pavilion ze2000 battery environmental protection technology, the burden of high costs, while the Honda FCX legal market, also proves that environmentally friendly energy saving vehicles and the feasibility of a major advance.

Beginning in 2002, FCX will be open to the general public to experience, FCX is Honda’s environmental technology research and development in the long run under the vehicle results, and equipped with next-generation Honda FC Stack fuel cell group, and minus 20 degrees Celsius, a very cold environment, testing FCX The control performance and fuel economy. FCX is the only California Air Resources Board and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, a recognized environmentally-friendly fuel cell vehicles, but also the amount of zero-emission green vehicles.

FCX is designed to seat four people, practicality and environmental pavilion zt1130 battery , pavilion zt3000 battery protection in the future market is optimistic about the current American Honda is expected in the domestic allocation of about 15 cars, so that consumers can purchase the first to experience, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Las Vegas and California Division and other areas, FCX and was the first one to reach the U.S. government crash test standards generally accepted fuel cell vehicles.

Honda since 1989, it embarked on the development of fuel cell vehicles, and in 1999 carried out on the road test drive in the United States, but also in the same year as the League of California Fuel Cell Partnership pavilion zv5000 battery , pavilion zv6000 battery.

Lithium-ion Vs Ni-MH

Lithium-ion Vs Ni-MH

General Motors plans and hp 500 battery , hp 510 battery manufacturer A123 Systems, the plug-in hybrids to collaborate on lithium batteries.

GM Vice President Bob Lutz said today that the company is expected to be the end of 2010 Chevrolet Volt hybrid production, and developed the first major output power lithium-ion rechargeable battery tests will be conducted at the end of this year, these batteries will be deployed in the snow Folland insertion Volt and other GM vehicles and fuel cells mixed with moving vehicles.

Recently, Toyota announced that it would postpone the next generation of hybrid research and development. Toyota’s attempt to use lithium-ion batteries in order to reduce body weight and R & D costs, but according to its partners – Japan’s Matsushita Electric said the lithium-ion battery in the car when a traffic accident or a fire hidden safety problems, Toyota has decided instead to increase the existing Ni-MH rechargeable hp 520 battery , hp 530 battery production.

Toyota has made clear that the next generation Prius hybrid cars will not use lithium-ion batteries, nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries and its output will increase 50%.

GM and A123 Systems to open the fuel cell technology for strategic cooperation

General Motors today announced the company will work with A123 Systems lithium-ion hp 540 battery , hp 550 battery technology in the strategic cooperation to further promote the company’s fuel cell technology research and development. The two sides will be the future of battery technology in the field of nano-phosphate chemistry within the co-development, so as the company’s E-Flex electric drive systems to create more secure, high-power, long life of a new generation of lithium batteries. General Motors believes that this cooperation is the Chevrolet Volt electric car to further improve and eventually to achieve commercial production, has important and positive meaning.

General Motors said, and A123 Systems Inc. co-operation will accelerate the company’s promotion can be plug-in electric cars, as well as E-Flex fuel cell vehicles under the framework of a variety of technical research and development process, “battery technology will drive future automotive propulsion system development, battery pack performance of the Chevrolet Volt electric car as well as we plan to introduce the Saturn Vue plug-in hybrids can run, is essential. Motor Company only with the best F4809A , hp F4486B battery technology companies on strategic cooperation, can we future competition in an invincible position, this is also the co-operation agreement we have signed the original intention. “GM vice chairman for global product development, said Baoboluzi.

This is also the following June, and LG Chemical’s Compact Power Inc. and the European Propulsion Systems, Inc. to start the cooperation between General Motors in the promotion of research and development on lithium battery technology is another important step. GM’s Energy Storage and Strategy Department, said Denise Gray, director: A123 Systems, LG Chemical, the European propulsion systems are the world’s leading supplier of batteries, technically very mature, we believe that they provide solutions that will meet the E-Flex system in the battery technology needs of a high F4809A , hp F4812A standard.

A123 Systems, Inc. is the world’s largest nano-phosphate chemistry battery manufacturers, its technology in the industry-leading position in lithium battery power, security and in life with excellence. The company’s current annual output of more than 10 million batteries, most of them used rechargeable power unit.

In January of this year, based on E-Flex propulsion system, the Chevrolet Volt electric concept car made its world debut, when the show’s first-generation model with a direct access from the external power supply charging energy technologies. In April the Shanghai International Auto Show, General Motors introduced a more advanced fuel cell technology using the second generation of the Chevrolet Volt electric concept car. To work for an average mileage of 64 kilometers of the people, to drive the Chevrolet Volt electric car without the use of gasoline, it does not produce any emissions. Baoboluzi said, “Chevrolet PB991A , HP PB992A Volt represents the future direction of the development of automobile industry, GM believes that the future electric cars can be used to drive, and through a variety of ways to generate and store electricity, thereby reducing the people for the petrol dependent. This is a major change in the automotive industry, and this change largely due to chemicals such as A123 Systems and LG partner General Motors, the rapid development of battery technology. ”

General Motors Corporation was founded in 1908, is the world’s largest automaker. At present, the General Motors have already established five joint-venture production enterprise, a joint-venture automotive design center, a joint-venture automotive financial services center and two wholly-owned, and employs nearly 20,000 people. General Motors in China, import, production and sales of Cadillac, Saab, Opel, Buick, Chevrolet and Vauxhall brand products, providing products for all ranks of the rich multinational car makers in China, The first, covering the high-end sedans, multi-functional station wagon, compact cars and mini trucks. 2006 General Motors sales in China has created 876, 747 a new record, representing an increase of 31.8% the previous year.

Strong promotion of ZAP electric vehicles together with nano-batteries(PB994A , HP PB995A , HP PM579A)

Electric car pioneer ZAP and lithium-polymer and nanotech battery developer Strong Energy Technology Co., Ltd. Heilongjiang announced that they will work together to set up a joint venture development offices in Beijing, through the latest nano-technology to expand their advanced batteries for electric cars research , production and marketing of the scale.

ZAP has recently signed a purchase agreement, from strong buy 5.168 million U.S. dollars worth of lithium polymer batteries and nano-batteries, the XEBRA for ZAP electric cars and trucks series, as well as other vehicles and battery systems.

It is understood that the current Sino-strong company is finishing its latest nanotechnology to develop a new generation of high energy density, while improving performance, life expectancy and the safety of lithium-polymer HSTNN-IB09 , HSTNN-LB31 , HSTNN-OB53 battery and HSTNN-OB77.

Amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells

Amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells

Tianjin to invest jointly with the U.S. solar VGP-BPS11 , sony VGP-BPS12 energy company has signed a joint venture in Tianjin joint venture contract annual production capacity of 25 MW of flexible thin-film amorphous silicon solar cell project. The project total investment 35 million U.S. dollars, has been listed as key construction projects in Tianjin, is scheduled in June 2008 completed and put into production.

United Solar’s amorphous silicon solar cell area of the world’s most advanced production technology and manufacturing technology. The Tianjin joint venture with the U.S. based company that imported stainless steel strip as a substrate micron amorphous silicon thin-film flexible solar cells, with the current hard-glass substrate solar cells, compared with a light weight, impact resistance, flexible, Easy installation and wide application areas and many other advantages. It is understood that the project design capacity of 25 MW, the actual annual output of up to 30 megawatts, which went into operation will VGP-BPS13 , sony VGP-BPS13EA be extended to three production lines, eventually to reach 90 “MW of scale and further enhance the level of domestic solar cell technology to speed up Tianjin to promote the development of new energy industries.

China Battery Industry Association, applying to set up solar cell branches

In recent years, rapid development of China’s solar cell industry, for example, Suntech’s solar cell production has entered the world’s top 10, Hebei, Baoding Tianwei Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd. in 2007 an annual output of 400 megawatts of replenishment of new polycrystalline silicon solar cells, Nanjing, China Light and Power is also a larger scale of production. Foreign companies are very optimistic about VGP-BPS13A/B , sony VGP-BPS13A/S solar cell market, foreign-funded enterprises in China, factories have been producing solar cells.

According to “Recycling Economy Law”, “Renewable Energy Law” and the energy saving requirements, promote the use of solar battery industrial development has become a hot spot, Science and Technology in the solar batteries are also key support for 863 projects, has formed a number of research units . But the cost of solar cells is also high, affecting the domestic market to promote commercialization. Domestic enterprises, export-oriented products, the key material is also dependent on imports.

At present, China’s solar cell materials manufacturing industry has taken shape, VGP-BPS13B/B , sony VGP-BPS13/S has taken shape enterprises, research institutes, universities solar cell research, development and production scale, in order to better promote the line to the development of China Battery Industry Association, intends to set up solar cells Branch.

Branch’s work functions are China Battery Industry Association, under the leadership of co-ordination or guide the development of solar cell industry to solve the problem of the solar cell manufacturing enterprises to develop products and materials, technical services, organization of information exchanges, academic exchanges, promote the solar cell research and commercial , and promote environmental protection and renewable energy use, energy saving.

AMAT Indian companies will sell the entire solar cell production line

U.S. Applied Materials (Applied Materials, AMAT) has received India’s Moser Baer’s thin-film silicon solar cell manufacturing line of professional development and installation of business orders. Subscription Agreement in addition to CVD, PVD, VGP-BPS14 , sony VGP-BPS14/B , laser scribing a variety of manufacturing equipment in addition, also includes factory management software, automation equipment and solar cell manufacturing the necessary technical assistance and other content, this “will provide a complete solar cell industry Production Line “(AMAT). AMAT planned second half of 2007 to complete production line delivery.

The provision of a production line to support an area of 2.2m × 2.6m (5.7m2), to reach four times the existing floor glass substrate. As with the bottom of the large-scale, increasing manufacturing efficiency, thus reducing manufacturing costs of solar cells. AMAT called “the first 8.5 generation” thin-film solar cell module production line, and advocate for the effect of reducing manufacturing costs.

Moser Baer India, was established in 1983, the record-type optical media VGP-BPS15 , sony VGP-BPS15/B manufacturer headquartered in New Delhi, India. Of its annual production capacity of solar cells originally scheduled to 40MW, the future plans to expand by 2009 to 200MW.

In 2015 the use of thin-film solar cells solar power systems market will reach 7.2 billion U.S. dollars

United States NanoMarkets, LC projections, 2015 thin-film solar cells use solar power generation system (TFPV: thin-film photovoltaics) market will reach 7.2 billion U.S. dollars (in English published data). The current market size of about 10 million U.S. dollars.

NanoMarkets said, TFPV high-growth market, driven by factors that the advantages of thin-film solar cells. Its advantages include: low cost, light weight, as well as the battery can be embedded in walls, roof and windows. In order to meet the growing VGP-BPS15/S demand for TFPV, most manufacturers are constantly increase capacity, including the U.S. First Solar, Fuji Electric, the United States Nanosolar, Sanyo Electric, the United States United Solar Ovonic, LLC, United Kingdom G24 INNOVATIONS LIMITED number of companies, including all plans to build more generating capacity in the 100MW plant.

At present, the global fuel prices, while the price of solar power generation system has been rapidly declining. This case, the solar power generation system may occupy the lion’s share of the energy market. NanoMarkets forecasts, TFPV the cost of solar power generation system than the original is even lower, so TFPV market will be the first in the solar power generation system on the right track. A few years ago, TFPV for less than the share of solar power systems market, 5%, but in 2015 will grow to 35%.

TFPV is to use the printing device or Roll to Roll (roll to roll) devices made of VGP-AC19V13 , sony VGP-AC19V19. The use of printing devices is expected to produce TFPV its market size in 2015 will reach 30 billion U.S. dollars.

In addition, TFPV than the original solar power generation system significantly reduce the weight, you can bend, shape, can adapt to the needs of non-planar positions. Thus, TFPV embedded in the roof and walls more easily than the original product. The need to embed multi-block panels are the roof, TFPV can be without raising the roof strength. Windows, the PV panels can be realized, and sashes to use VGP-AC19V10 either.

NanoMarkets believes that the use of organic materials, the prospects for solar power generation system is also more noticeable. The solar power system solar power systems than other more environmentally friendly. Efficiency is also rapidly increasing, and new battery efficiency and the use of inorganic materials, the product is basically the same, or even higher. NanoMarkets predicts that by 2015 the use of organic materials, solar power generation system power inspiron 1501 battery supply will reach 500MW.

Button battery news

Button battery news

Recently, the reporter interviews sony VGP-BPL13 , sony VGP-BPL14 in Nanjing Children’s Hospital found that children in summer caused by foreign bodies in nasal congestion, ear congestion, the number of children with respiratory tract blockage of the past week reached a new peak, in the ENT out-patient office every day was found a few distress due to foreign bodies in children to come for medical treatment.

The text of literary talent who lives in rural areas in Anhui last year, two days ago, a small cousin came to Wenwen guest house, two small partners, after that meeting, from whose nostrils as big race to see who can one button battery stuffed nose, Wen Wen pick up the battery just get into the go. Into easy to come out hard, Wen Wen nose figure out how to button batteries not come out, and anxious two children Wa Wade cry sony VGP-BPL14/B , sony VGP-BPL15, and parents rushed out of the rush to send their children to the local hospital. Doctors advised parents to a larger hospital, then came to the Nanjing Wenwen a Children’s Hospital.

Dong Li An Zhuren ENT hospital said that due to button battery cylindrical shape, relatively smooth surface, attached to the nasal cavity of the difficulties are removed, so more difficult to remove. After some twists and turns, the Dong Zhuren just holding the button with the vascular clamp removed the battery to the WEN parents said that fortunately, when you have time, if there is bleeding, streaming yellow pus nose and other more serious situations sony VGP-BPL15/B , sony VGP-BPL15/S, but also for further treatment.

Now during the summer holidays, children being left alone most prone to accidents. Dongzhu Ren said that the recent ENT outpatient admissions every day, a few foreign body within the nasal cavity and ear canal of small patients out something more diverse, with feathers, rolls, soybeans, small stones and so on. Need to be reminded that, in patients with nasal foreign bodies not to clamp the clip to take home on their own, especially the sleek foreign body, folders can take improper nasal foreign body into the rear detachment and lead to incorrect inhalation risk of larynx or trachea.

Fujian Nanan 25 megawatt solar cell experiment base project to start with VGP-BPL18 , sony VGP-BPL19

August 9, Gross capital formation 2 billion in three refined crystal silicon materials Co., Ltd. 25 MW solar cell experiment base project, officially arrived in Quanzhou, Fujian Province (Nam) Optoelectronic Information Industry Base. During the year of the project outputs of single-crystal products, in 2008 all production will become the most complete industrial chain of 25 megawatts of photovoltaic cells.

A total of seven items on the 9th settled in Quanzhou (Nan An) optoelectronic information industry base, with a total investment amounting to 1.1 billion yuan of which a total investment of 500 million yuan of the high-tech enterprise incubators, Fujian Light Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing and build a spring R & D center for semiconductor photo projects.

Toshiba recalls another 1400 or a Sony battery overheating NB sony VGP-BPS3 , sony VGP-BPS4

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) today jointly announced a joint Toshiba recall 1400 potential fire risk of Toshiba laptop batteries.

It is reported that these lithium-ion batteries by Sony Energy Devices (Sony Energy Devices) production, mainly used for Toshiba Satellite A100, Satellite A105 and Tecra A7 notebooks.

These defective battery is -4 in January 2006 the month of sales to the U.S. market, as the Canadian market is affected, is still unclear.

To date, Toshiba has received three up from outside the United States market, the report of batteries overheating, but no injuries were reported.

In this regard, Toshiba, warned users in receipt of free replacement VGP-BPS5 , sony VGP-BPS5A battery as possible before the use of AC power. Last month, Toshiba has just announced in Japan and overseas recall 10000 laptop batteries manufactured by Sony.

Green Energy – Solar, the sun

Green Energy – Solar, the sun

1. INTRODUCTION

In most people’s minds, fujitsu T4220 Battery electricity is a clean source of energy when using lamps, televisions, refrigerators, air conditioners and other appliances, perhaps we did not realize the power of the damage to the environment, the actual coal-fired power generation on the environment damage is significant. China is now the world’s No. powers of greenhouse gas emissions, while the conventional electricity production using coal, oil, natural gas, power generation, has become China’s carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, one of the major sources of emissions, but also a large number of coal-burning emissions of harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide . When we use conventional electricity, we are in fact an indirect polluters, because we only created the demand for electricity supply, and thus indirectly on the environment caused by pollution. At the same time we are also victims of pollution.

The 21st century, mankind will face the realization of economic and social sustainable development fujitsu lifebook T5010 Battery, major challenges with limited resources and environmental protection under the stringent requirements of the dual constraints of economic development has become the world’s hot spots. The energy issue will be more prominent. Energy shortages in most countries of the world’s shortage of energy supply can not meet their economic development needs. In the long run, the world’s proven oil reserves can only be used in 2020, natural gas can only last until 2040 or so, even if the reserves are abundant coal resources can only be maintained Ersanbainian.

As the burning of coal, oil and other fossil fuels, every year hundreds of thousands of tons of sulfur and other harmful substances thrown the sky, the atmosphere has been seriously polluted the environment, directly affecting the health of residents and quality of life; the formation of acid rain in some areas, serious pollution of soil and water. The use of fossil fuels produces large amounts of greenhouse gases caused by the greenhouse effect; caused by global climate change. This issue has been referred to the global agenda, the relevant international organizations have held many meetings and restrict FPCBP95 , FPCBP95ap , FPCBP155 CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, in addressing the energy problems of mankind to achieve sustainable development can only rely on scientific and technological progress, large scale development and utilization of renewable and clean energy.

Solar energy has the reserves of the “unlimited nature of the” Solar radiation energy per second is about 1.6 × 1023KW, within one year of the total solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface of standard coal equivalent to a total of about 1.892 × 1013 100 billion tons, is the world’s proven reserves of primary energy ten thousand times. Relative to the finite nature of conventional energy, solar energy has the reserves of the “unlimited nature of” inexhaustible. For the other sources of energy, the solar energy for most areas on the planet with the existence of universality, capable of being drawn. This is the conventional energy-deficient countries and regions that solve the energy issues of the prospects. The use of solar energy as clean wind energy, tidal energy and other clean vgp-bps2 energy sources, like its development and utilization of time does not produce almost no pollution. The economics can be used two ways to see the economics of solar energy utilization. First, solar energy inexhaustible, but also in receiving solar energy without the imposition of any “tax” can be anywhere access; 2 in the current level of technological development, the utilization of solar energy is not only possible and feasible. In view of this, solar energy will convert the energy structure in the world to assume a heavy responsibility, an ideal alternative energy sources.

2. Solar Cells

No. 1 50’s the advent of practical silicon solar cells, photovoltaic technology, opened the curtain, but also opened a new chapter for human use of solar energy. Since the solar cells into space 60 years, since the 70’s into the ground application, solar photovoltaic technology is developing rapidly. Since 1990, the global market for solar photovoltaic power generation sales to an annual average rate of 16% increments, the vgp-bps2a , vgp-bps2b current total generating capacity reached 800MW, equivalent to 20 million U.S. households annual energy consumption. 1997, the worldwide sales of solar cells increased by 40%, has become the world’s fastest-growing source of energy.

2.1 The impact of photovoltaic technology issues

Large-scale application of photovoltaic cells that affect the main obstacle is its high manufacturing costs. In many power generation technologies, solar PV is still the most expensive a form, therefore, the development of power generation technology, the main objective of the sun through the improvement of existing manufacturing processes, design of new battery structure, and development of novel battery materials to reduce manufacturing costs, etc. improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. In recent years, show the steady development of photovoltaic industry trends, developments of the features are vgp-bps2c , VGP-BPL2 : increased production, conversion efficiency, cost reduction, applications are expanding. In 1998, the world’s solar cell output for more than 150MW, is more than double the 1994 output. Monocrystalline silicon solar cell, the average efficiency of 15%, laboratory efficiency reached 24.4%; polycrystalline silicon solar cell efficiency up to 14%, maximum efficiency of 19.8%; the stability of amorphous silicon solar cell efficiency, single-junction 6 ~ 9% laboratory of 12% maximum efficiency, multi-junction cells of 8 ~ 10%, the highest efficiency of 11.83% lab.

Recently, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology M · Gretzer developed a titanium dioxide solar cells, its photoelectric conversion rate as high as 33%, and successfully introduced a amorphous organic materials to replace the electrolyte, so that it’s cheaper than a similar a large glass of your not much better and more convenient to use. It is expected that as technology advances and market expansion, the cost of photovoltaic VGP-BPL2C cells would be substantially reduced. Can be drawn, in 2010, due to the decline in the cost of solar cells is expected to make photovoltaic technology into large-scale development period.

2.2 PV development of new technologies

In recent years, around the solar battery materials, conversion efficiency and stability issues such as photovoltaic technology has developed rapidly. Crystalline silicon solar cell research is high-efficiency monocrystalline silicon cells and low-cost polycrystalline silicon cells. Restrictions on single crystal silicon solar cell conversion efficiency of the main technical vgp-bps8 , vgp-bps8a barriers are: the surface grating cell shading effects; surface light reflection loss; light conduction losses; within the compound losses; surface recombination losses.

To solve these problems, in recent years developed a number of new technologies, mainly include: single-layer anti-reflection film; laser engraved groove buried gate line technology; Suede technologies; back point-contact electrode to overcome the surface of gate line shading issues; efficient back reflector technology ; optical absorption techniques. As these new technologies invented many new types of batteries, which greatly improved the conversion efficiency of solar vgp-bps8b cells, such as laser engraving tank buried gate lines, and new technologies, the high purification of crystalline silicon solar cells conversion efficiency of up to 24.4%.

Another characteristic of the development of photovoltaic technology is the thin-film solar cells made significant progress in a variety of new solar cells are emerging. Of crystalline silicon solar cell conversion efficiency may be high, but its cost was difficult to significant decline, while the thin-film solar cells to lower manufacturing costs has a very wide attractive prospect. Some years ago, the use of multi-layer film vgp-bpl8 structure, low-grade silicon material has made the cost of solar cells plunged 80 percent, is expected to 1O years to make the technology commercially.

And efficient development of new solar cell technology is to reduce the cost of photovoltaic cells a viable way to another in recent years, some new high-performance batteries continue to come out:

Copper selenide steel (CUINSE2, CIS) thin-film solar vgp-bpl8a cells: 1974 CIS batteries in the United States came in 1993, the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory to make it the intrinsic conversion efficiency of 16.7%, due to CIS solar cells with a low cost (film Only silicon thickness of 1 / 100), can increase the band gap increase conversion efficiency (30% of the theoretical value of single crystal, polycrystalline 24%), there is no light-induced decline down, anti-radiation can be good, etc., all countries are competing to research and development, and actively explore the large-scale application of mass production techniques.

Silicon – Si tandem solar cell structure: Adoption of a-Si and a narrow band gap materials, cascading, is the effective use of long-wave sunlight, increased conversion efficiency of amorphous silicon solar cells a good way. It has low cost, low energy consumption, process a vgp-bps9 , vgp-bps9/b small, cheap and efficient and so on.

Chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) technology to produce multi-junction III-V compound solar cells: III-V compound (eg, GAAS, INP) has a high photoelectric conversion efficiency, these materials can match the multi-layer solar cell conversion efficiency to 35% or more. Multi-layer structure which is easy to use CBE law making, and can reduce the cost, ultra-efficient.

Large-scale photovoltaic nano-batteries: 1991, Switzerland M. GRATZEL research team led by Dr., aqueous solution for nano-TIO2 powder coating, and containing a variety of transition metal organic dyes and glass and other materials to produce ceramic pigments sensitive to solar cells, referred to as nano-battery. Calculations show that the conversion efficiency can be manufactured by at least 12% of low-cost vgp-bps9/s , vgp-bps9a batteries. The battery is used for large area of the outer surface of the building provides a broad prospect.

3. Development of solar cells

The progress of solar cells can be from their performance indicators, output, prices, etc. to assess. Performance solar cells have open circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, photoelectric conversion efficiency over the top, of which the most important indicator is the photoelectric conversion efficiency is about the efficiency of light energy into electrical energy.

Solar cell silicon solar cells and the main can be divided into two major categories vgp-bps9a/b of compound semiconductor solar cells. The following are described separately.

3.1 silicon solar cells

Silicon is the second most abundant earth element, but also non-toxic, with its production of high efficiency solar cells, so it is the most suitable for production of solar cell semiconductor material. In 1997, the world’s solar cell output of about 120MW, of which more than 99% of silicon solar cells. In silicon solar cells can be divided into the silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon solar vgp-bpl9 , vgp-bps10 cells three categories.

1. Monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cells

Monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cell is a P-type (or n-type) silicon substrate through the phosphorus (or boron) made the proliferation of P / N junction and the system gets. Monocrystalline silicon solar cell, high efficiency, long life, excellent performance, but the cost is high, and limited to the single crystal size, single cell area is difficult to do large for the relatively large diameter of 10 ~ 20cm of the wafer. Cast polycrystalline silicon cell is made of polycrystalline silicon ingot slicing, cost less than the monocrystalline silicon cells, single cells can also be done relatively vgp-bps10/b , vgp-bps10/s large (for example, 30cm × 30cm square pieces), but due to complex factors such as grain boundaries exist, less efficient than silicon cells.

Now, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon battery research work focused on the following aspects:

(1) a buried layer of electrode surface passivation, secret back-gate electric field process optimization and contact electrodes to reduce the photo-carrier compound losses, improve the carrier collection efficiency, thereby enhancing the efficiency of solar cells. University of South Wales, Australia, the pro-Green laboratory using these methods, has created the current silicon solar cells under AM1.5 world-recognized 24% of the maximum vgp-bps10a , vgp-bps10a/befficiency.

(2) with excellent anti-Chinese shooting film, embossing the surface, high reverse back electrodes way to reduce light reflection and transmission losses, to improve the efficiency of solar cells.

(3) directional solidification method growth of polycrystalline silicon ingot casting instead of silicon, the estimated positive back electrode of silver paste, aluminum paste screen-printing technology to improve the silicon cutting, grinding, polishing and other processes, doing everything possible to reduce costs to improve the efficiency of solar cells. Currently the largest weight of vgp-bpl10 silicon ingot has reached more than 270 kilograms.

(4) thin-film silicon cells are also strong research and development. Calculations show that if in metal, ceramics, glass substrates were prepared by low-cost, thickness 30 ~ 50μm large area of high-quality polycrystalline silicon thin film, then the solar cell manufacturing process can be further simplified, costs can be significantly reduced. Therefore, polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells is becoming a hotspot.

Single crystal and polycrystalline silicon solar cells is now the world’s annual output has reached approximately 120MW. The highest efficiency silicon solar cells up to 18% ~ 24%. Aviation and aerospace, high-quality solar cells used in the AMO under the conditions of efficiency is about 13.5% ~ 18%, while the ground used for the mass production of solar cells efficiency under AM1 mostly in the 11% ~ 18% sony PCGA-BP1N , sony PCGA-BP2E or so.

2. Amorphous silicon solar cells

As the sunlight absorption coefficient of amorphous silicon on the large, and therefore non-chang thin silicon solar cells can be done, usually silicon film thickness is only 1-2μm, is a monocrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon cells thickness (0.5mm or so) 1 / 500 Therefore, resource consumption, less production of amorphous silicon cells.

Amorphous silicon solar cell is generally used methods such as high-frequency glow discharge to make silane (SiH4) gas decomposition of deposits made of. Deposition temperature is low due to decomposition (200 ℃ or so), so less energy consumption when production cost is relatively low, and this method is suitable for mass production, single cell area could have done much (for example, 0.5mX1.0m), neat beautiful. Another characteristic of sony VGP-BP2EA , sony PCGA-BP2NX amorphous silicon cells is a Blu-ray to respond to good, in general, even under fluorescent light can work, so it is widely used as electronic calculators and palm computer’s power, with an estimated usage of about 10 million per month and a . These advantages, so that amorphous silicon solar cells in the last 10 years to get the rapid pace of development, and in 1997 the world production is estimated to have reached more than 30MW.

Si because of its instability and internal structure of a large number of hydrogen atoms of deposit, with light fatigue effect (Staebler Wronski effect), so the stability of amorphous silicon solar cells after long-term problems. Over the past 10 years, after efforts to study, while improving, but not completely solve the problem, so as the power supply, not volume.

Amorphous silicon in crystalline silicon due to the lack of atomic arrangement in the rules of nature deficit. So simple a-Si p / n junction, the tunneling current is often dominant to render the yin properties, without rectification characteristics, would be unable to produce solar sony PCGA-BP2R , sony PCGA-BP2S cells. To obtain a good diode rectification characteristics, must be in the p layer and n-layer was inserted between the thick intrinsic layer i, in order to curb the tunneling current, so amorphous silicon solar cells typically have a pin structure. In order to improve

Efficiency and to improve stability, and sometimes made into a pin / pin / pin structure such as multi-layer laminated batteries, or insert some buffer layer.

Amorphous silicon solar cell research, are now mainly focused on improving the amorphous nature of film itself, in order to reduce defect density, precision design layers the thickness of the battery structure and control to improve the interface between the layers of the state, in order to achieve high efficiency and high stability.

The current single-junction amorphous silicon cells are able to achieve maximum PCGA-BP2SA , sony PCGA-BP2T efficiency of about 14.6%, a large number of production can reach 8% ~ 10%. The maximum efficiency of the battery stack can reach 21.0%.

3.2 compound semiconductor solar cell

In the compound semiconductor solar cells, the current research and application are more CaAs, InP, CuInSe2 and CdTe solar cells. As the compound semiconductor or less toxic, easy to cause environmental pollution, therefore low production PCGA-BP2V , sony PCGA-BP3T levels are often used in some special occasions.

1. GaAs solar cells

Potassium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells can be high efficiency, maximum efficiency laboratory has reached more than 24%, the general efficiency of space solar cells are used in 18% ~ 19.5% for. GaAs solar cells is currently mostly used liquid phase epitaxy method or metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technology to prepare, so costs are high, production is limited, reduce costs and increase productivity has become a focus. GaAs solar cells is currently mainly used in spacecraft.

At present, single crystal silicon film preparation technology is mature, low cost, and therefore silicon substrates, to MOCVD technology for the manufacturing of heteroepitaxial GaAs solar cells to reduce the cost of GaAs solar cells promising approach. At present, the efficiency of the battery has reached 20%. However, GaAs and Si crystal lattice constant related to a larger conducting guided quality epitaxial growth, the epitaxial PCGA-BP4V , sony PCGA-BP505 layer lattice mismatch serious, difficult to obtain high-quality epitaxial layer. To do this often begin by growing a layer of Si substrate with the GaAs lattice constant difference between the smaller Ge crystals as buffer layer, and then the growth of GaAs epitaxial layer, such Si / Ge / GaAs heteroepitaxial structure of the battery is constantly developing . Control the thickness of layers, appropriate changes in architecture, which allows sunlight photon energy of various wavelengths have been used effectively to present multi-layer structure of GaAs-based solar cell efficiency of nearly 40%.

2. InP solar cells: indium phosphide solar cells have a particularly good anti-radiation performance, so attention in space applications, the current efficiency of the battery has reached 17% ~ 19%.

3.CuInSe2 polycrystalline thin-film solar cells: the efficiency of the VGP-BPL1 , sony VGP-BPL4 battery has reached about 17.6%, and stable performance, as the polycrystalline thin-film batteries are very promising. But more complex components, manufacturing process repeatability is poor, affecting its development.

In addition, Cds / CdTe solar cell efficiency has reached 15.8%, but this battery-toxic and easy to result in environmental pollution.

4. The application of solar cells

Communications satellites are usually square to the various systems using solar power, and battery charging, water in the stars during the battery power to the satellite. In the past, extensive use of solar silicon photovoltaic cells square. At present, more advanced silicon photovoltaic conversion efficiency of up to 15%, but the battery can no longer meet the requirements of a large platform, now under development and the use of GaAs solar cells. The current single-junction GaAs solar cell conversion efficiency up to 18% in general, dual-junction GaAs solar cells up to 21-23%. This battery is not only efficient, but VGP-BPL4A , sony VGP-BPL5A also high temperature resistance, space radiation. Are now developing multi-junction GaAs solar cell, its conversion efficiency is expected to reach 30%. In order to further increase the efficiency of solar cell matrix, are now studying the use of solar concentrator panels, to increase the amount of solar energy, so that the solar constant increased to more than one. Over the past communications satellite battery commonly used nickel-cadmium batteries, with the increasing power of satellite, is being developed using nickel-metal hydride batteries. Ni-MH battery than the nickel-cadmium batteries depth of discharge depth, than the large capacity.

In order to “Deep Space 1″ interplanetary probe become a reality, Air Force Research Laboratory made six key technologies, which are:

1. Lightweight solar phalanx. The future of solar panels using composite structures, connecting the various parts of the cable line will be eliminated, solar panels using plastic hinge. The use of thin-film solar cells VGP-BPL11 , sony VGP-BPL12, energy supply per kg weight of 116 watts, while the existing system for 40-50 watts. Multi-junction thin-film photovoltaic solar battery easy to start on the square in orbit. Light “smart” structure can be automated to eliminate vibration and thermal effects.

2. Flexible Integrated power supply and signal systems. By vacuum coating technology, so that battery and flexible thin-film battery components and barrier layer photovoltaic cells connected to form a multi-satellite buses. Flexible battery installed in the other sub-systems around.

3. Multifunctional structure.

4. Ultra-high density circuits.

5. Micro-electro-mechanical systems.

6. Light large optical system.

The United States October 24, 1998 launched the “Deep Space 1″ interplanetary probe. Set-type solar cell using optical experiments. This solar cell matrix is actually only 13% of the area is coated with solar film, also with a 720 surface Filler lens, using a linear array of lenses Filler had gathered all the sunlight to these batteries. Since the battery is low, and the VGP-BPL13 , sony VGP-BPL14 battery light lens off than glass, so solar cells and reduce the weight matrix, and prices have changed cheaper. “Deep Space 1,” 2.6-kilowatt solar phalanx has four panels, the size of 1.1mx1.6m, total weight 58 kg. To enhance the capacity of radiation protection, the battery area on the thicker glass could have been done. There are two solar cells themselves, they are stacked together, can be 0.4μm ~ 0.85μm within the broadband spectrum of the energy conversion efficiency of 22% or more is expected. The disadvantage of this solar cell refers to a little square a little bit of error, capacity will be greatly inspiron 6000 battery reduced.